27.1 Features Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD) is a leading cause of irreversible visual impairment in older individuals in the United States. In NVAMD, there is choroidal neovascularization (CNV) which can…
Features There are several vascular tumors (hemangiomas) that can occur in the retina including retinal hemangioblastoma, cavernous hemangioma, racemose hemangioma, and vasoproliferative tumor (VPT). Each has distinct funduscopic and imaging…
Features Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy with an incidence of approximately 1:15,000 births. The tumor suppressor RB1 gene is known to be key in the development…
Features Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome is a multisystem inflammatory condition affecting the eye, skin, inner ear, and meninges. The condition is characterized by ocular inflammation in association with patchy depigmentation of…
55.1 Features Syphilitic uveitis is frequently the presenting manifestation of systemic syphilis caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. Primary syphilis is the first stage where patients develop a painless chancre,…
18.1 Features Diabetic retinopathy (DR) represents a retinal microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and is the foremost cause of preventable vision loss in working age adults; its prevalence has been…
Features Hamartomas are benign, focal malformations that resemble neoplasms from the tissue of its origin. They can develop throughout the body in many organs such as the skin, brain, eye,…
Common Symptoms Patients are often asymptomatic when hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy is found during screening given the initial decrease in vision is paracentral to fixation. Sometimes patients may notice changes in…
Features Dislocated lenses, including both crystalline lenses and intraocular lens implants (IOL), can prove to be interesting cases for which there are a variety of options for surgical management. They…
Common Symptoms Clinical symptoms are typically consistent with uveitis, including blurry vision, conjunctival injection, and ocular irritation. Other symptoms of sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) include photophobia in the sympathizing (nontraumatic) eye,…
