!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> 1 Introduction: a book for ophthalmologists Refraction, like most practical skills, is an art with a scientific basis. Once mastered, it is satisfying…
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> 8 Final tips for the exam More than 2 months before the exam Read this book! Read the Refraction Certificate Examination application details…
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> 7 Lens neutralisation It is possible to establish the spectacle distance and near prescription (and also prismatic component) of a pair of bifocal…
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN” “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd”> 5 Retinoscopy of a model eye The Refraction Certificate Examination may require you to complete objective refraction (retinoscopy) of a model eye within…
Room 2 Station 4: Cycloplegic retinoscopy 3 – first eye of a patient. Station 5: Cycloplegic retinoscopy 4 – second eye of the same patient. Station 6: Lens neutralisation with…
SECTION V Special Topics 20 Examination and Diagnosis of the Pediatric PatientMARY ELIZABETH HARTNETT Pediatric Retinal Examination What Are Signs of Retinal Disease in Infants and Children? In many retinal…
19 Noninfectious InflammationRONALD BUGGAGE Categorizing Uveitis How Is Uveitis Defined? Strictly speaking, uveitis is defined as inflammation of the uvea that is composed of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid….
12 HemorrhageFRANCO M. RECCHIA AND GARY C. BROWN The presence of hemorrhage in the posterior segment may cause significant visual disturbance and may signify a serious ocular or systemic abnormality….
22 Retinal Disease and the Anterior Segment SurgeonJOEL PEARLMAN AND JULIA HALLER Endophthalmitis What Is Endophthalmitis? Endophthalmitis is a severe ocular condition involving infection of the internal structures of the…
17 Retinal DetachmentSCOTT M. STEIDL Evaluation of a Retinal Detachment What are the Symptoms of a Retinal Detachment? Common symptoms include (1) visual field loss, often described as a “curtain”…
