Orbital and Adnexal Sjögren Syndrome
I. Ocular symptoms—a positive response to at least one of the following questions: (a) Have you had daily, persistent, troublesome dry eyes for more than 3 months? (b) Do you…
Orbital and Adnexal Sarcoidosis
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015Hakan Demirci (ed.)Orbital Inflammatory Diseases and Their Differential DiagnosisEssentials in Ophthalmology10.1007/978-3-662-46528-8_4 4. Orbital and Adnexal Sarcoidosis Hakan Demirci1 (1) Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of…
Thyroid Eye Disease: A Comprehensive Review
Fig. 9.1 Pathophysiology of thyroid eye disease. Self-tolerance to the autoantigens TSHR and IGF-1R is lost for unclear reasons. Antigen-presenting cells (APC) internalize TSHR and IGF-1R and present them to…
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Single system (SS) Multisystem (MS) Unifocal (bone, skin, lymph node) Low risk Multifocal (bone or lymph nodes) High-risk organ involvement (liver, spleen, lung, hematopoietic) Children with SS LCH represent about…
Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015Hakan Demirci (ed.)Orbital Inflammatory Diseases and Their Differential DiagnosisEssentials in Ophthalmology10.1007/978-3-662-46528-8_2 2. Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation Hakan Demirci1 (1) Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan,…
Clinical Anatomy of the Orbit and Periorbital Area
Fig. 1.1 Orbit anatomy: (a) pear-shaped 3D model of the orbit; (b, c) axial cross-sectional images of the orbits and the main parameters of the interorbital topographic and anatomic relationships:…
Orbital Floor Fractures
Fig. 3.1 The “hydraulic” theory of the orbital floor fracture (citation from Della Rocca [52]). See explanation in the text: It is an interesting fact that, contrary to the established…
Radiological Examination of the Orbit
Fig. 2.1 The main views of the skull: (a, b) the anterior and posterior views. The auricular vertical plane runs parallel to the X-ray film holder, while the median sagittal…
Frontobasilar Fractures
Fig. 8.1 The frontobasilar region: (a–c) Borders of the frontobasilar region. (d) Energy required for different facial segments to fracture [150] The basilar region is also subdivided into the central…
Naso-Orbito-Ethmoid Fractures
Fig. 5.1 Types of NOE fractures: (a) anatomy of the NOE region. (b) Telescopic displacement of nasal bones into the interorbital space. (c) Trajectory of a NOE fracture. (d) Complete…
