Clinical Background

Mar 26, 2017 by in OTOLARYNGOLOGY Comments Off on Clinical Background

Fig. 25.1 Diverse causes of the clinically diagnosed “retrocochlear” type of hearing loss. The precise pathology of each case is often difficult to determine clinically. Note that “synaptopathy” refers to…

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Transdifferentiation

Mar 26, 2017 by in OTOLARYNGOLOGY Comments Off on Transdifferentiation

Fig. 21.1 Schematic illustration of normal development, de-differentiation, and transdifferentiation. The top of the hill represents an immature status of the cell, and the bottom represents a differentiated status. (a)…

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Hair Cell Regeneration in the Avian

Mar 26, 2017 by in OTOLARYNGOLOGY Comments Off on Hair Cell Regeneration in the Avian

Fig. 19.1 Structure of inner ear sensory epitheria (modified from [1]). (a) Mammalian organ of Corti. (b) Avian basilar papilla. (c) Avian and mammalian vestibular epitheria Another typical point of…

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Auditory Brainstem Implant

Mar 26, 2017 by in OTOLARYNGOLOGY Comments Off on Auditory Brainstem Implant

Fig. 18.1 (a) Cross section of pontomedullary junction at level of lateral recess of the fourth ventricle (4th Vent.). DCN (Dorsal Coch. Nucl.) and VCN (Ventral Coch. Nucl.) are located…

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Recent Progress in Cochlear Implant

Mar 26, 2017 by in OTOLARYNGOLOGY Comments Off on Recent Progress in Cochlear Implant

Fig. 15.1 A virtual channel is generated by the simultaneous stimulation of adjacent electrodes. The sum of the electric fields produces a peak in the overall field located between the…

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Hair Cell

Mar 26, 2017 by in OTOLARYNGOLOGY Comments Off on Hair Cell

Fig. 3.1 Inner ear and sensory epithelia. (a) Schematic representation of the inner ear (orange) and its sensory epithelia (blue). There are six sensory epithelia in the inner ear. (b)…

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Otic Induction

Mar 26, 2017 by in OTOLARYNGOLOGY Comments Off on Otic Induction

Fig. 11.1 Early inner ear developmental steps from the inner cell mass to the otic vesicle with morphogens and marker genes. ICM inner cell mass, RA retinoic acid 11.2 Formation…

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Somatic Stem Cells

Mar 26, 2017 by in OTOLARYNGOLOGY Comments Off on Somatic Stem Cells

Fig. 32.1 Bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells in the cochlea. From bone marrow and adipose tissue, stromal or stem cells are available. They have…

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Pluripotent Stem Cells

Mar 26, 2017 by in OTOLARYNGOLOGY Comments Off on Pluripotent Stem Cells

Fig. 31.1 Establishment of pluripotent stem cells. (a) ES cells are derived from inner cell mass. (b) iPS cells are derived from somatic cells, using viral transfection, plasmid transfection, mRNA…

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