Airway Obstruction in Children
Physics of Airway Obstruction 20.2.1 Resistance to Airflow Poiseuille’s law (Box 20.1) explains changes that occur as fluid (liquid or gas) passes through a tube. It describes the relationship between pressure…
Introduction, Detection, and Early Management
Epidemiology and Prevalence Hearing loss is the most common sensorineural deficit. Bilateral hearing loss ≥ 40 dB HL is present in 1.33 per 1,000 newborns. When unilateral hearing loss is…
Disorders of the Middle Ear
Perforation 9.2.1 Prevalence and Classification Perforation of the eardrum is a common childhood event (see ▶ 7). Box 9.1 shows the causes of TM perforations in children. The most common is…
Disorders of the Esophagus and Gastroesophageal Reflux
Congenital Disorders 28.2.1 Tracheoesophageal Fistula Anatomy, Prevalence, and Associations Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) describes an abnormal communication between the trachea and the esophagus. The prevalence is approximately 1 in 1,400 live births….
Nonsurgical Management of the Child with Hearing Loss
Congenital hearing losses with onset in childhood, rather than at birth, arise from genetic susceptibility to deterioration in cochlear hearing levels over time. This may be hearing loss in isolation…
Facial Palsy Reconstruction in Children
Anatomy of the Facial Nerve The facial nerve is a second pharyngeal (hyoid) arch derivative and therefore supplies structures derived from the same arch. 3 These include the muscles of…
Tongue, Floor of Mouth, Adenoids, and Tonsils
Tongue-Tie (Ankyloglossia) 18.2.1 Definition and Prevalence This is a congenital condition in which the lingual frenulum is abnormally short, resulting in reduced mobility of the tip of the tongue ( ▶…
Nasal Obstruction in Children
Etiology of Pediatric Nasal Obstruction The major causes of nasal obstruction in children are listed in ▶ Table 16.1. Some are dealt with in more detail in Chapter 17 but…
Ear, Nose, and Throat Problems in Cleft Lip and Palate
Incidence Clefts of the lip and/or palate are the commonest facial anomaly, occurring in approximately in 1:700 live births. Cleft lip (with or without cleft palate) and clefts of the…
Disorders of Balance
Physiology of Balance in Children 11.2.1 Maturation and Development In children, as in adults, the maintenance of equilibrium depends on sensory input from three major systems: Proprioceptive. Visual. Vestibular. In addition,…
