Transnasal Endoscopic Eustachian Tube Surgery
Key points • Shim placement should be considered as first-line surgical treatment of patulous Eustachian dysfunction, as it is well tolerated, has a low morbidity, and is reversible. • Injection…
The Role of Transtympanic Dilatation of the Eustachian Tube During Chronic Ear Surgery
Endoscopic technique allows visualization of the protympanic segment of the eustachian tube in patients undergoing chronic ear surgery. Balloon dilatation of the area can be undertaken with clear widening of…
Preoperative and Intraoperative Evaluation of the Eustachian Tube in Chronic Ear Surgery
This article discusses the authors’ approach to the assessment of the eustachian tube using opening pressure measurement, endoscopic assessment of the protympanic segment of the eustachian tube, and Valsalva computed…
Eustachian Tube Function
Key points • The fibrocartilaginous eustachian tube is part of a system of contiguous organs including the nose, palate, rhinopharynx, and middle ear cleft. • It is not a simple…
Endoscopic Anatomy of the Protympanum
The protympanum, a final common pathway between the tympanic cavity and external environment, is gaining relevance due to the ease and completeness of visualization with angled endoscopes. Two primary conformations…
Anatomy of the Eustachian Tube
Key points • The opening of the eustachian tube, provided by the contraction of the tensor veli palatini muscle, is limited to Rüdinger safety canal. • The contraction of the…
The Eustachian Tube Redefined
It consists of two parts: the first solidly connected with the temporal bone, close to the tympanic cavity; the second soft, partly ligamentous, partly cartilaginous, directed towards the nasopharynx. Since…
