3 Retina and Vitreous
RETINAL ANATOMY Macula and Fovea The macula histologically contains more than two layers of ganglion cells (Figure 3.1). Peripheral Retina Histological definition: any area with a single layer of ganglion…
8 Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
EYELID DISORDERS Epicanthus Summary Epicanthus is a skin fold that extends from upper to lower eyelid, overlying the medial canthus. Demographics Typical in infants of Asian ethnicity. Common in others;…
1 Cornea: External Disease1
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Tear Film The tear film is composed of three major layers, each produced by specialized cells. The adequacy and stability of the tear film are important in…
5 Glaucoma
CHAPTER 5 Glaucoma Rohit Krishna • Ryan D. Vincent • Andrew Sorenson INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AND AQUEOUS HUMOR DYNAMICS Glaucoma is a group of diseases resulting in an optic neuropathy that…
7 Oculoplastics and Orbital Disease
ORBIT Anatomy Orbital Dimensions Volume: 30 mL. Height: 35 mm. Width: 40 mm. Medial wall length: 45 mm. Globe to optic canal: 18 mm. Optic nerve: 5 cm. Intraocular: 1…
4 Intraocular Inflammation and Uveitis
See Tables 4.1 and 4.2. Table 4.1 Classification of uveitis entities aGranulomatous uveitis can always present with nongranulomatous findings initially. APMPPE, acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy; ARN, acute retinal…
6 Neuro-Ophthalmology
NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGIC HISTORY AND KEY TESTS Three major categories of complaint in neuro-ophthalmology: Afferent (e.g., visual loss, field or acuity, visual processing). Efferent (e.g., diplopia, pupil abnormalities, eye lid abnormalities, jumping…
2 Lens and Cataract
LENS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Normal Lens Anatomy See Figure 2.1. Lens dimensions: Biconvex shape, more convex posteriorly. Infant: 6.4-mm wide and 3.5-mm long. Weighs approximately 90 mg. Adult: 9.0-mm wide…
