(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract Overdosing is the most important factor contributing to 4-aminoquinoline retinopathy (4AQR). Proper interpretation of ancillary test results…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract The most important purpose of 4-aminoquinoline retinopathy (4AQR) screening, detecting overdosing, requires no ancillary testing. However, a…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract Reviewing the preclinical science relevant to the mechanisms and risk factors for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy can…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract Over 80 % of patients taking 4-aminoquinolines (4AQs) have risk factors for retinopathy. The most important risk…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract In the United States, screening for 4-aminoquinoline retinopathy (4AQR) is the standard of care. In this environment,…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract The 4-aminoquinolines are weak bases that are completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, sequestered in peripheral tissues,…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract The 4-aminoquinolines are predictably toxic at high enough concentrations. Toxicity in all tissues derives from derangement of…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract Lack of agreement in defining 4-aminoquinoline retinopathy has impeded progress in understanding and preventing the condition. There…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract Screening for 4-aminoquinoline retinopathy (4AQR) became common internationally in the 1960s when inappropriately high doses of chloroquine…
(1) Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA Abstract The prevalence of 4-aminoquinoline retinopathy has not been scientifically determined, but flawed data indicate that the prevalence…
