Diagnostic Workup for the Orbital Blowout Fracture Patient In cases in which there is an isolated orbital blowout fracture (i.e., the orbital rims are intact), the leading theory for the…
Prevention 18.2.1 Preoperative Considerations A thorough history should be taken to identify factors that increase the likelihood of orbital injury, such as preoperative abnormality of the lamina papyracea. These factors include…
Imaging Techniques 3.2.1 Computed Tomography Modern CT scanners produce high-resolution images that can be reformatted into multiple planes. Intravenously administered nonionic iodinated contrast is primarily used in the setting of infection,…
Orbital neoplasms constitute 20 to 25% of all orbital diseases. Primary orbital neoplasms are less common than secondary masses that arise from adjacent periorbital and other structures. They comprise a…
Management of Strabismus Associated with Thyroid Eye Disease 9.2.1 Etiology Enlargement of the extraocular muscles with sparing of their tendons is a common feature of TED that often results in an…
Observations of Vital Signs Measurement of a patient’s vital signs should be undertaken postoperatively at least every 1 to 2 hours for the first 12 hours, reducing to every 4…
Types of Orbital Complications and Patient Presentation Orbital complications can be divided into infectious complications that result from direct extension of bacterial or fungal infections into the orbit ( ▶…
Endoscopic sinus surgery was first introduced in the 1980s and its potential to improve approaches to the peri-sinonasal structures including the orbit was quickly recognized. The endoscope provided a magnified,…
Eyelids The upper and lower eyelids are anatomically distinct, though analogous. Surgical approaches to the orbit may incorporate various portions of the eyelids, including the upper eyelid crease, lower eyelid…
Tearing, when excessive tears pool on the ocular surface, and epiphora, when tears overrun the ocular margin and pour down onto the face, occur if there is either overproduction or…
