Key Points ▪ Vascular anomalies are divided into vascular malformations and vascular tumors . ▪ The molecular mechanisms that give rise to vascular anomalies result from disordered angiogenesis and vasculogenesis….

Key Points ▪ Craniofacial anomalies occur in as many as 1 in 500 to 1000 live births for cleft lip and palate, 1 in 2000 for isolated craniosynostosis, and 1…

Key Points ▪ Lymphomas are the most common head and neck malignancies in children, followed by retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, thyroid cancer, and melanoma. ▪ Hodgkin lymphoma is the predominant malignant…

Key Points ▪ Initial evaluation of a child with noisy breathing involves assessment of phase and character of noisy breathing; distress in relation to states of sleep, wakefulness, and feeding;…

Key Points ▪ In congenital sensorineural hearing loss, approximately 20% of inner ears demonstrate a radiographically detectable abnormality. ▪ Many patterns of deformity appear to result from disturbance in the…

Key Points ▪ Most salivary gland lesions in children have an inflammatory origin. ▪ Accurate diagnosis of salivary gland disorders depends on a thorough history and a good physical examination….

Key Points ▪ Evaluation and management of voice disorders in children may be more challenging because of their inability to cooperate, lack of awareness of the problem, and lack of…

Key Points ▪ Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a devastating albeit rare disease in which papillomas of the airway cause hoarseness and airway obstruction. ▪ The disease is caused by…