Heidelberg Retina Tomography Albert S. Khouri Robert D. Fechtner Murray Fingeret Historical Background Glaucoma has long been defined by the structural and functional changes that result from this family of…

Ultrasound Biomicroscopy of the Anterior Ocular Segment Zélia M. Corrêa James J. Augsburger Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) is a high-frequency ultrasound technology that allows imaging of structural details of the anterior…

Automated Perimetry Diagnostic Modalities in Ophthalmology Andrew M. Prince Ann C. Mendoza-Fisher Nathan M. Radcliffe Visual field testing has evolved considerably since the advent of automated perimetry. The transition from…

Diagnostic Ophthalmic Ultrasonography Yale L. Fisher Fabio Nogueira Danielle Salles Developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s,1,2,3,4,5 diagnostic ophthalmic ultrasonography remains a critical ancillary test for clinical evaluation of…

Indocyanine Green Videoangiography: Principles, Technique, and Complications Christina M. Klais Michael D. Ober Nicole E. Gross Jason S. Slakter Since its introduction in the 1960s, intravenous fluorescein angiography has played…

Optical Coherence Tomography Andre J. Witkin Michael Ip Jay S. Duker Introduced in 1991, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new technique for the high-resolution cross-sectional imaging of various ocular…

Visual Evoked Potential Gary L. Trick Barry Skarf The visual evoked potential (VEP), also known as the visual evoked response (VER) or the visual evoked cortical potential (VECP), is an…

Electroretinography Ronald E. Carr The standard clinical electroretinogram (ERG) is a recording of the electrical discharges from certain outer retinal layers elicited by a flash of light. The response occurs…

Electro-oculography Ronald E. Carr The electro-oculogram (EOG) is an indirect measure of the standing potential of the eye.1 This standing potential exists because of a voltage difference between the inner…