Traumatic and Toxic Retinopathies
Traumatic and Toxic Retinopathies J. Luigi Borrillo Carl D. Regillo Commotio Retinae Commotio retinae is retinal whitening that occurs after blunt ocular trauma. This transient condition affects the outer retina….
OPHTHALMOLOGY
Retinal and Choroidal Tumors
Retinal and Choroidal Tumors Franco M. Recchia Astrocytic Hamartoma Astrocytic hamartoma is a congenital, minimally progressive, benign tumor arising from the glial cells of the retina and usually located around…
Optic Nerve Disorders
Optic Nerve Disorders Optic neuropathies are generally classified as anterior, those in which the optic nerve head is swollen, and posterior, those in which there is decreased optic nerve function…
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Age-Related Macular Degeneration Allen C. Ho Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) describes a common degenerative condition of the retina that may affect central vision. By definition, it occurs in individuals 50…
Ocular Misalignment and Other Ocular Motor Disorders
Ocular Misalignment and Other Ocular Motor Disorders CRANIAL NERVE III PALSY (OCULOMOTOR NERVE) Cranial nerve III (CN III) innervates the superior, inferior, medial recti, and the inferior oblique muscles. It…
Orbital Disease of Neuro-Ophthalmic Significance
Orbital Disease of Neuro-Ophthalmic Significance Jurij R. Bilyk THYROID EYE DISEASE Graves’ disease is defined as the triad of hyperthyroidism (diffuse thyroid enlargement), orbitopathy, and pretibial myxedema. ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY…
Optic Chiasm
Optic Chiasm The optic nerves elevate, and move medially as they extend intracranially to form the optic chiasm. The optic chiasm, which is the confluence of the optic nerves, sits…
Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination—Efferent System
Neuro-Ophthalmologic Examination—Efferent System Disorders of the efferent visual system result in either ocular misalignment or abnormalities in ocular motility without ocular misalignment. The most frequent symptom that prompts a neuro-ophthalmologic…
Retrochiasmal Disorders
Retrochiasmal Disorders The predominant visual sign of any lesion involving the postchiasmal visual pathway is the homonymous hemianopia. The form of the homonymous hemianopia will differ depending on what portion…
