New Treatment Modalities TRIAMCINOLONE Intravitreal Triamcinolone and Vitrectomy Intravitreal triamcinolone is used for visual demarcation of the vitreous at the time of vitrectomy. Kumagai and Burk1,2 performed this technique using…
Diagnostic Testing FUNDUS PHOTOGRAPHY Standard fundus photography at the ophthalmologist’s office now includes a basic digital funduscopic camera or a wide-field nonmydriatic camera. In fact, many optometric offices have nonmydriatic…
Pathophysiology of Diabetes SYSTEMIC DISEASE AND DIABETES Type 1 diabetes, also known as juvenile onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is a chronic condition of the pancreas in which…
Diabetes in Pregnancy Hyperglycemia affects 8% of all pregnancies in America.1 Preexisting diabetes affects 1% of all pregnancies. The hyperglycemia exists with Type 1 diabetes or gestational Type 2 diabetes….
Indications for Vitrectomy Vitreous Anatomy The vitreous is a translucent gel when it is in its normal state. The vitreous is a three-dimensional interactive matrix of collagen fibers with contractile…
Examination of the Diabetic Patient HISTORY When taking the history of the diabetic patient, be aware of other entities that can contribute to the severity of diabetic retinopathy, such as…
Epidemiology SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM In 2007, the Center for Disease Control in the United States estimated that diabetes affects approximately 23.6 million children and adults or 8% of the…
Diabetes and Glaucoma Neovascular Glaucoma “If an adult presents with bilateral rubeosis iridis, diabetes mellitus should be considered the most likely cause.” This statement was made by glaucoma surgeons Higginbotham…
Guidelines for Nursing Staff and Medical Assistants The physician’s staff is crucial to the successful delivery of care in diabetic retinopathy. The staff member is the first person meeting the…
