Pathologic neovascularization occurs in various ocular tissues, including the cornea, iris, retina, and choroid Tissue Disease/Trauma Cornea Contact lens injury Trauma/alkali injury Infectious keratitis (trachoma) Iris Enucleation (i.e., retinoblastoma) Central…
FIGURE 9.1. Schematic diagram showing how diabetes in conjunction with hypertension and hyperlipidemia causes alteration of the BRB, leading to DME. Both increased levels of growth factors and proteinases, as…
Results: Photocoagulation prevented severe vision loss by 50% in PDR patients (at 4 years, 20% risk in treated eyes versus 44% risk in untreated eyes with HRC). The beneficial effect…
Neovascular-AMD Currently in Clinical Trials Mohamed Ibrahim • Roomasa Channa • Diana V. Do • Quan Dong Nguyen INTRODUCTION The prevalence of advanced stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in…
FIGURE 5.1. Effect of GH inhibition on ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization. A: Cross section of an eye from a nontransgenic littermate mouse, showing retinal neovascularization internal to the inner limiting membrane…
Pathophysiology Mark E. Kleinman • Jayakrishna Ambati Introduction The chorioretinal architecture is a heterogeneous assembly of specialized tissues derived from neuroectoderm and mesenchyme. The dual-layered blood-retina barrier, which incorporates the…
of Anti-angiogenic Drugs George A. Williams INTRODUCTION The advent of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration has prevented blindness in tens of thousands of people….
of Ocular Angiogenesis Shozo Sonoda • Parameswaran G. Sreekumar • Ram Kannan • David R. Hinton Introduction Physiologic angiogenesis is carefully regulated by a critical balance between endogenous stimulators and…
and Complications Elias Reichel INTRODUCTION Intravitreal injections are becoming an increasingly common part of clinical practice. In the past, indications for injection of substances into the vitreous cavity were relatively…
FIGURE 6.1. The cyclooxygenase cascade. COX-1 and COX-2 catalyze the biosynthesis of prostanoids (prostaglandins and thromboxane) from membrane-derived arachidonic acid. The prostanoids then bind to their cognate GPCRs (G-protein coupled…
