Alan R. Forman BASICS DESCRIPTION • Arcus senilis is a yellowish-white ring of extracellular lipid deposition in the peripheral cornea separated from the limbus by a narrow (<1 mm) clear…

Gaurav K. Shah BASICS DESCRIPTION • An obstruction of blood flow through the central retinal vein. It commonly presents with a variable level of decreased or blurred vision. – Can…

Gitanjali B. Baveja BASICS DESCRIPTION • Local epithelial defect with degradation or inflammation of underlying tissue • Synonyms: Corneal infiltrate, infectious or noninfectious keratitis EPIDEMIOLOGY Incidence Bacterial keratitis • 30,000…

Ann P. MurchisonJurij R. Bilyk BASICS DESCRIPTION • Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is a potentially life-threatening condition. • The etiology of CST can either be septic, aseptic, or vascular. •…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Involuntary closure of both eyelids (blepharospasm) or muscles innervated by facial nerve unilaterally (hemifacial spasm): – Blepharospasm: – Essential (without associated disease) – Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia or Meige…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Choroidal effusion is the accumulation of fluid (serous) or blood (hemorrhagic) into the suprachoroidal potential space due to increased intramural pressure. • Often occur after trauma, perioperatively,…

Ann P. MurchisonJurij R. Bilyk BASICS DESCRIPTION A carotid/cavernous sinus fistula (CCF) is an abnormal communication between an artery and the venous plexus within the cavernous sinus (CS). This can…

BASICS DESCRIPTION A chalazion, or internal hordeolum, is a localized inflammatory papule of the posterior eyelid due to obstruction of the meibomian (sebaceous) glands. In contrast, an external hordeolum or…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Central serous chorioretinopathy, also called central serous retinopathy or idiopathic central serous retinopathy, is an ocular condition characterized by: – Serous retinal detachment, typically seen in the…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Orbital apex syndrome: A constellation of findings including combined motor and sensory deficit of the eye and orbit secondary to multiple etiologies: Pathology involving the oculomotor nerve…