BASICS DESCRIPTION • Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic inflammatory disease of the intestinal tract that is associated with a number of extra-intestinal manifestations. IBD can be classified as…

BASICS DESCRIPTION A rare, usually unilateral, congenital excavation of the optic nerve head that can be associated with a serous macular detachment. EPIDEMIOLOGY Prevalence • Approximately 1 in 10,000 eyes…

BASICS DESCRIPTION The inability to converge the eyes smoothly and effectively from distance to near and/or the inability of maintain the convergent near point. EPIDEMIOLOGY Prevalence Reports vary from 1–25%…

Gaurav K. Shah BASICS DESCRIPTION • Parallel striae that may be oriented in a horizontal, vertical, or oblique fashion at the posterior pole. (1) • Not a condition, but rather…

BASICS DESCRIPTION Contusive injury resulting in confluent areas of opacified, whitened retina. EPIDEMIOLOGY Incidence Blunt ocular trauma annually affects approximately 4.9 per 1,000 individuals. Prevalence • Sports-related injury tends to…

Dalia G. Said BASICS DESCRIPTION Injury that follows exposure of the ocular surface or adnexa to solid, liquid, or gaseous form of corrosive substances such as acids and alkalis or…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Congenital hamartias/hamartomas: Placoid melanocytic lesions of the retinal pigment epithelium, solitary, grouped, or multiple in one or both eyes, the latter maybe associated with familial adenomatous polyposis…

BASICS DESCRIPTION Choroidal ruptures are breaks in the choroid, the Bruch membrane, and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and are the result of blunt ocular trauma. Pediatric Considerations Traumatic choroidal…

Anne JensenGil Binenbaum BASICS DESCRIPTION • Child abuse and neglect as defined by the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) is any act or failure to act on the…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (EDTRS) defined CSME as one of the 3 following criteria: – 1) Any retinal thickening within 500 microns of the center…