BASICS DESCRIPTION • Fuchs’ corneal dystrophy is a progressive, bilateral, noninflammatory condition characterized by the development of focal excrescences of Descemet’s membrane with resultant guttae, loss of endothelial cells, and…

BASICS DESCRIPTION Corneal damage due to evaporative tear loss and disrupted tear dynamics in the setting of improper lid closure and movement. EPIDEMIOLOGY Incidence Uncommon Prevalence Low overall, but prevalence…

BASICS DESCRIPTION Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) or Devic’s disease is an autoimmune relapsing demyelinating disease of the CNS that has been thought to be a variant of multiple sclerosis (MS). It…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Also known as Anderson–Fabry disease and α-galactosidase A deficiency, Fabry disease is a rare, X-linked recessive lysosomal storage disorder that, when left untreated, is potentially fatal. Defect…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is the most severe end on the continuum known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), an umbrella term that encompasses the adverse effects…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Epiretinal membranes are also known as macular pucker, cellophane maculopathy, and surface wrinkling retinopathy. • It is a thin layer of tissue found on the surface of…

Kathleen RomeroAlex V. Levin BASICS DESCRIPTION • Craniofacial syndromes are divided into craniosynostoses and clefting syndromes. • Craniosynostosis describes premature sutural fusion. Craniostenosis is the result. • Simple craniosynostosis refers…

BASICS DESCRIPTION Choroideremia (CHM) is a progressive, X-linked condition that results in slow degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choroid, and photoreceptors. Pediatric Considerations Although many patients with choroideremia…

Steven T. Bailey BASICS DESCRIPTION • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a full thickness retinal necrosis resulting in progressive vision loss. • CMV is an ubiquitous herpes virus. • Retinitis occurs…

Lov Sarin BASICS DESCRIPTION Amaurosis fugax is defined as transient monocular visual loss secondary to ischemia or vascular insufficiency. EPIDEMIOLOGY Incidence 50,000 new cases a year in the United States…