BASICS DESCRIPTION • Visual hallucinations are visual sensory perceptions without external stimulation associated with ophthalmologic, neurologic, metabolic, toxic, and psychiatric diseases. • Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) is vivid, detailed, but…

Jerry A. Shields BASICS DESCRIPTION • Primary acquired melanosis (PAM) is an acquired flat pigmentation of the conjunctiva. • Slowly progressive • Generally without excessive vascularity • Can affect the…

BASICS DESCRIPTION Gyrate atrophy is an autosomal recessive chorioretinal dystrophy that initially presents with nyctalopia and decreased peripheral vision during the first decade of life with progressive constriction of the…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Greenstick fracture of the orbital floor or medial orbital wall resulting in ischemic entrapment of an extraocular muscle. • Typically seen in the pediatric population, although young…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Nonspecific term describing intraocular granulomatous inflammation. • Symptoms may include painful red eye, photophobia and decreased vision. • Classically presents with large keratic precipitates (KPs) on the…

BASICS DESCRIPTION Intraorbital foreign bodies (IOFBs) occur as a result of a high-velocity penetrating injury or direct impalement of an object. EPIDEMIOLOGY The majority are male, typically of young age…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Clinical condition characterized by an abnormal funduscopic appearance of the macula and decrease or absence of the foveal reflex and varying degrees of macular hypoplasia • Macular…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a rare, inherited disorder in which one of several known gene mutations results in abnormal development of the retinal vasculature, characterized by…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is also known as temporal arteritis or granulomatous arteritis. • It is a systemic inflammatory vasculitis that affects medium-sized to large arteries. •…

Jacqueline R. Carrasco BASICS DESCRIPTION • Dacryocystitis is an inflammatory condition of the lacrimal sac, usually infectious in nature • May occur as sequelae of nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO), and…