Ann P. MurchisonJurij R. Bilyk BASICS DESCRIPTION • Horner syndrome (HS) refers to the clinical triad of ptosis, miosis, and at times anhydrosis, which results from an interruption in the…

Sunir Garg BASICS DESCRIPTION Systemic hypertension leads to characteristic changes in the retina, choroid, and optic nerve. It can be divided into acute and chronic findings Pregnancy Considerations In women…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • The most common congenital abnormality of the lacrimal drainage system • The nasolacrimal duct is a bilateral structure that carries tears from the lacrimal sac into the…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • A syndrome of acute inflammatory demyelination of peripheral (including cranial) nerves. • Spectrum includes typical Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS, also known as acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; AIDP), Fisher…

Julie Rosenthal BASICS DESCRIPTION • A progressive degeneration that results in the triad of central vision loss, photophobia, and dyschromatopsia (color vision problems) due to the selective degeneration of cones….

BASICS DESCRIPTION The 3rd cranial nerve innervates the levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, and inferior rectus. The pupillary fibers follow the inferior oblique muscle. Pupil involvement…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Multisystem acute vasculitis usually involving the small to mid-size arteries during infancy and early childhood. • Fever for at least 5 days duration plus 4 of the…

BASICS DESCRIPTION Lattice degeneration is a common vitreoretinal degeneration associated with retinal thinning, and subsequent retinal tears or detachments. EPIDEMIOLOGY Prevalence • Found in 6–10% of the population • More…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Two major categories of lattice corneal dystrophy are described by the International Committee for Classification of Corneal Dystrophies (IC3D) (1). • A dystrophy is a process that…

Jacqueline R. Carrasco BASICS DESCRIPTION • Traumatic defect in the bony floor of the orbit • Can extend from fractures of the inferior orbital rim • Indirect (blowout) fractures of…