Elevator Palsy
BASICS DESCRIPTION • An inability to elevate the eye in all fields of gaze often resulting in a large hypotropia, with associated ptosis • Also called monocular elevation deficiency EPIDEMIOLOGY…
OPHTHALMOLOGY
Eyelid, iris, optic nerve, retina
Assumpta Madu BASICS DESCRIPTION • A developmental abnormality caused by failure of complete closure of the embryonic fissure during the fifth week of gestation • A hole in one of…
in Glaucoma
L. Jay Katz BASICS DESCRIPTION Neuroprotection is the use of therapeutic agents to prevent, retard, and in some instances, reverse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) death in glaucomatous patients. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IOP…
Diabetic Retinopathy
BASICS DESCRIPTION Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is characterized by the growth of fibrovascular tissue due to chronic, poorly controlled diabetes. PDR includes preretinal neovascularization, vitreous hemorrhage, traction retinal detachment, and…
Degeneration
BASICS DESCRIPTION Myopic degeneration is a complication of severe or progressive myopia causing mild to severe central vision loss and is one of the leading causes of visual debilitation in…
Lobe Disorders
BASICS DESCRIPTION Disorders affecting the occipital lobe of the brain, which is almost entirely devoted to visual function EPIDEMIOLOGY Varies, depending on the many different causes of occipital involvement RISK…
Neuroretinitis
BASICS DESCRIPTION Neuroretinitis is a unilateral, or more rarely, bilateral inflammation of the optic nerve and retina with macular exudate formation and associated visual loss. Originally termed “Leber’s idiopathic stellate…
Keratitis (IK)
Eliza HoskinsDoug S. Holsclaw BASICS DESCRIPTION • Interstitial keratitis (IK) or immune stromal keratitis (ISK) is nonsuppurative (nonmelting) inflammation and cellular infiltration of the corneal stroma • Often accompanied by…
(Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome)
BASICS DESCRIPTION • Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) is an idiopathic inflammatory disease of the choroid that causes mild to moderate acute vision loss (1). • It is usually…
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION)
BASICS DESCRIPTION Sudden, painless, unilateral visual loss, associated with swelling of the optic disc secondary to vascular insufficiency. EPIDEMIOLOGY Incidence 2–10 individuals per 100,000 over 50 years old Prevalence 1,500–6,000…
