BASICS DESCRIPTION Retinal microaneurysms are focal dilations of retinal capillaries that appear as tiny red dots in the retina on ophthalmoscopy. They are most commonly found in the macula and…

Sunir Garg BASICS DESCRIPTION • Lens-induced uveitis results from an autoimmune reaction to crystalline lens protein released from surgical or accidental trauma (phacoantigenic endophthalmitis) or leaked from a hypermature cataract…

Susan WhitmerMargaret E. M. Scott BASICS DESCRIPTION • Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is usually a unilateral acute or subacute painless profound visual loss (20/200 or worse), followed in weeks…

BASICS DESCRIPTION Toxic keratoconjunctivitis is an inflammation of the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva with corneal involvement due to exposure to foreign substance(s). RISK FACTORS • Use of topical ophthalmic medications,…

Carol L. Shields BASICS DESCRIPTION • The term “ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN)” describes a spectrum of conjunctival and corneal epithelial dysplasia ranging from conjunctival/corneal intraepithelial dysplasia (CIN) to squamous…

BASICS DESCRIPTION Schnyder’s corneal dystrophy (SCD) is a rare bilateral condition characterized with slowly progressive abnormal deposition of lipids in the cornea. EPIDEMIOLOGY Incidence • Unknown • Worldwide largest pedigree…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • A full thickness defect in the neurosensory retina. • May be round/oval (retinal hole), horseshoe shaped (retinal tear), irregularly shaped or semicircular/adjacent to the ora serrata (dialysis)….

Erin M. NeyLan ChenSusan HochVatinee Y. Bunya BASICS DESCRIPTION • Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a disease characterized by pain and stiffness of the proximal muscles and joints, primarily the shoulders,…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Radiation retinopathy is a delayed onset, chronic, progressive, occlusive vasculopathy of the retinal circulation resulting from previous radiation treatment to the eye, orbit, head, or neck. –…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Xerophthalmia (Greek for dry eyes) is a condition of severe dry eye generally referring to the disease caused by vitamin A deficiency (VAD). • Other conditions can…