Chirag P. Shah BASICS DESCRIPTION • Rubella is a worldwide contagious viral infection best known for its distinctive red rash. • It is also known as German measles because it…

Carl D. Regillo BASICS DESCRIPTION • Acquired retinal macroaneurysms are focal saccular or fusiform dilations of retinal arterioles within the first three orders of branching of the arteriolar system: –…

L. Jay Katz BASICS DESCRIPTION • Optic nerve cupping can be physiological. • Pathological optic nerve cupping is a manifestation of regional ganglion cell death and loss of ganglion cell…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Abnormally small optic nerve; often appears pale or gray in color – 80% are bilateral, but may be asymmetric • Most common congenital optic disc anomaly encountered;…

Carol L. Shields BASICS DESCRIPTION • Nonhereditary condition • Unilateral • Retinal telangiectasia • Retinal exudation • Exudative retinal detachment • Classification proposed by Shields et al: – Stage 1….

Thomas A. Finley BASICS DESCRIPTION • Group of disorders related to macular pigment depositions in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that are usually inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion •…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Ocular surface disorder is characterized by foreign body sensation, pain out of proportion to exam, and photophobia. The presentation is typically bilateral and frequently asymmetrical. • Classic…

Sunir J. Garg BASICS DESCRIPTION • Group of hereditary, progressive retinal diseases that result in the degeneration of rod (mainly) and cone photoreceptors; the degeneration starts in the mid-periphery and…

Carol Shields BASICS DESCRIPTION • Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a highly malignant neoplasm that arises from pluripotential cells that demonstrate histopathologic features of striated muscle. • This tumor can arise in…

Frederick B. VivinoVatinee Y. Bunya BASICS DESCRIPTION • Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the body mistakenly attacks its own exocrine tear and salivary glands, leading to…