Carol L. Shields BASICS DESCRIPTION • Retinal vascular tumors are uncommon and diverse hamartomas or malformations of the neurosensory retina. • They may have systemic associations involving the central nervous…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Pathologic entity resulting from failure of the primary vitreous to regress – Persistence and/or hypertrophy of the vessels within the primary vitreous can result new vessels in…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Acquired misdirection or inturning of eyelashes in an otherwise normal eyelid margin position • Distichiasis—abnormal hair growing from meibomian gland openings EPIDEMIOLOGY Incidence • Cicatricial—ocular cicatricial pemphigoid…

Anand Mantravadi BASICS DESCRIPTION Steroid-induced glaucoma is a secondary open-angle glaucoma that results after the use of local or systemic corticosteroids. Intraocular pressure (IOP) increase results from decreased aqueous humor…

Lan ChenVatinee Bunya BASICS DESCRIPTION • A bone remodeling disorder resulting in increased bone turnover • Disorganized bone formation and break down impairs integrity of affected bone. • Often asymptomatic,…

Jacqueline Carrasco BASICS DESCRIPTION • Metastatic orbital tumors are tumors that have spread hematogenously to the soft tissue or bones in the orbit. • The most common primary sites are…

Alex V. Levin BASICS DESCRIPTION • Lowe syndrome is a multisystem disorder characterized by anomalies affecting the eye, nervous system, and kidney (1)[B]. • It is also known as oculo-cerebral-renal…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Reiter’s syndrome, also referred to as reactive arthritis (ReA), is a rheumatoid factor (RF) seronegative spondyloarthropathy with associated ocular inflammation that is precipitated by genitourinary or gastrointestinal…

BASICS DESCRIPTION • Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) was first described in 1922. • SJS is a rare life-threatening immune complex–mediated hypersensitivity reaction in which the skin and mucous membranes are severely…

BASICS DESCRIPTION Typically a bilateral, chronic, recurrent inflammation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choriocapillaris, and choroid EPIDEMIOLOGY Incidence • Rare. The incidence and prevalence are not well-established. • Most…