The extent of the neuro-ophthalmic examination varies depending on the patient’s complaints, but parts of it should always be performed in detail in selected neurologic disorders, and some parts of…

Examination of the visual fields helps to localize and identify diseases affecting the visual pathways (▶ Fig. 3.1). Visual field testing is useful when evaluating patients complaining of visual loss…

Anatomy and Examination of the Eyelid Eyelid closure (▶ Fig. 17.1, ▶ Fig. 17.2, ▶ Fig. 17.3) involves the orbicularis oculi muscle (innervated by branches of the facial nerve: cranial…

Fig. 9.1 a, b (a) Optic nerve swelling in the right eye. The disc margins are blurry, and there is no central cup. (b) Sagittal section of a swollen optic nerve….

Fig. 5.1 a, b (a) Lesions of the visual pathways. (Adapted from Rohkamm R. Color Atlas of Neurology. New York, NY: Thieme; 2004:81.) (b) Types of visual field defects secondary to…

Table 16.1 Clinical description of nystagmus: jerk versus pendular Jerk nystagmus Pendular nystagmus Alternation of slow phase drift followed by a rapid corrective saccade in the opposite direction Sinusoidal oscillation with…

Vascular Drainage of the Orbit and Cavernous Sinus Each cavernous sinus contains a plexus of veins draining the orbits and some of the intracranial veins (▶ Fig. 15.1). The carotid…

▶ Fig. 2.1 diagrams what is seen on examination of the fundus with a direct ophthalmoscope. ▶ Fig. 2.2 shows a patient being examined with a direct PanOptic (Welsh Allyn,…

Transient Binocular Visual Loss 6.1.1 Differential Diagnosis Migrainous Visual Aura Visual aura associated with migraine is the most common cause of transient binocular visual loss (▶ Fig. 6.1). The patient typically…

In this chapter, the term hallucination refers to perception of a stimulus when, in reality, none is present, for example, when a patient with delirium tremens describes seeing bugs and…