Grade I Grade II – Eccentric corneal steepening – Absence of scarring – Myopia and/or astigmatism <5 D – Myopia and/or astigmatism 5–8 D – Mean central K readings ≤48.00 D – Mean central K readings…

Fig. 8.1 Pachymetric spatial profile analyses the averages of thickness values of the points within imaginary circles centered on the TP. The original analysis was performed considering 22 circles with…

[31]: (14.1)Here, λ is the optical wavelength, n is the refractive index of the medium, ρ is the mass density. From Eq. (14.1), we get: . Based on published data69,70,…

Fig. 18.1 Corneal edema 18.2.3 Filamentary Keratitis Filament formation around the incision site can be treated with debridement. 18.2.4 Stromal Thinning and Segment Extrusion The extrusion of the segment is…

Fig. 29.1 An example of a good candidate for cataract surgery with toric IOL implantation. Right eye refraction is +2.50 − 5 × 35° with a historical CDVA of 0.9…

Fig. 13.1 Mean epithelial thickness profile for a population of 110 normal eyes and a population of 54 keratoconic eyes. The epithelial thickness profiles for all eyes in each population…

Fig. 22.1 The Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) (Reichert, Inc. Depew, New York, USA) Fig. 22.2 The CorVis ST (Oculus Optikgerate GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) Both instruments work in a similar manner…

Fig. 20.1 Self- limiting stromal haze (white arrow) 3 months after CXL 20.4 Corneal Scarring Persistent loss of corneal transparency (scarring) over the axial cornea/cone apex rather than transient changes…

Fig. 16.1 From left to right, a scleral lens of 18.0 mm diameter, a penny for size reference, and a Rose K corneal RGP of 8.3 mm diameter An ideal…

Fig. 24.1 The laser welded anvil profile at slit lamp (a) and OCT (b), 15 p.o. days 24.3 Laser Welding Laser welding of biological tissues is a technique used to…