The term stroke includes cerebral ischemia (transient ischemic attacks and cerebral infarctions) and cerebral hemorrhage. A stroke is suspected when a patient presents with acute neurologic symptoms and signs (acute…

Fig. 8.1 a–c (a) Normal left optic nerve appearance in posterior optic neuropathy (onset < 6 weeks). (b) Right optic nerve head swelling (edema) in anterior optic neuropathy. (c) Right optic…

The normal pupil varies in size, depending on the ambient illumination. Pupils are usually symmetrical in size, although physiologic anisocoria (the difference in size between the two pupils) of 0.4…

Knowing what to look for before ordering ancillary testing will allow you to recommend the appropriate test and interpret that test correctly. For example, brain imaging obtained for the evaluation…

Retinal Artery Occlusions Central retinal and branch retinal artery occlusions produce acute monocular visual loss. Unless the retinal vascular occlusion is secondary to giant cell arteritis or to a carotid…

The extent of the neuro-ophthalmic examination varies depending on the patient’s complaints, but parts of it should always be performed in detail in selected neurologic disorders, and some parts of…

Examination of the visual fields helps to localize and identify diseases affecting the visual pathways (▶ Fig. 3.1). Visual field testing is useful when evaluating patients complaining of visual loss…

Anatomy and Examination of the Eyelid Eyelid closure (▶ Fig. 17.1, ▶ Fig. 17.2, ▶ Fig. 17.3) involves the orbicularis oculi muscle (innervated by branches of the facial nerve: cranial…

Fig. 9.1 a, b (a) Optic nerve swelling in the right eye. The disc margins are blurry, and there is no central cup. (b) Sagittal section of a swollen optic nerve….

Fig. 5.1 a, b (a) Lesions of the visual pathways. (Adapted from Rohkamm R. Color Atlas of Neurology. New York, NY: Thieme; 2004:81.) (b) Types of visual field defects secondary to…