Fig. 4.1 Meibography imaging of the everted lids can be used to evaluate gland density, architecture, and degree of atrophy or dropout. (a) Moderate disease with gland shortening and partial…
Fig. 8.1 IVCM examination of a patient with corneal neuropathy and light sensitivity . At the beginning of the follow-up, IVCM showed an abnormal subbasal nerve plexus with a large…
I. Subjective dry eyeb II. Objective dry eye (Schirmer’s without anesthesia ≤5 mm at 5 min or vital dye staining of ocular surface ≥4 according to van Bijsterveld’s scoring) III….
Fig. 3.1 IVCM meibomian gland evaluation (a–d). At the time of diagnosis, IVCM scans of upper lids reveal obstruction of meibomian gland ducts close to the orifices (a–b), progressive intraductal…
Fig. 13.1 Image of a patient’s well-fit scleral lens When initial topical therapy and lid hygiene management cannot adequately relieve a patient’s symptoms, gas-permeable scleral lenses are an option to…
Instrument Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) Items Response format Literacy level Time to administer (min) BDI 90 79 21 Four statements of symptom severity per item Easy 2–5 EDPS 82 86…
Dry eye severity level 1 2 3 4 Discomfort, severity, and frequency Mild/episodic/environmental stress Moderate/episodic or chronic/environmental stress or no stress Severe/frequent or constant without stress Severe and disabling, constant…
Fig. 4.1 Heidelberg SPECTRALIS® SD-OCT EDI from a normal 10-year-old boy. ELM (OLM) external (outer) limiting membrane, NFL nerve fiber layer, IS/OS (EZ) inner segment/outer segment junction or ellipsoid zone,…
Fig. 3.1 A SuperQuad 160 lens (left, Volk Optical, Mentor, OH) and an Ocular Staurenghi 230 SLO Retina Lens (right, Ocular Instruments, Bellevue, WA). Both contact lenses can be used…
Nausea Vomiting Allergy • Mild: pruritis, sneezing • Moderate: urticaria • Severe: laryngeal edema, bronchospasm, anaphylaxis Cough Dizziness Vasovagal reaction • Syncope • Circulatory shock • Myocardial infarction Extravasation and local tissue necrosis Thrombophlebitis Nerve palsy…
