Instrument Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) Items Response format Literacy level Time to administer (min) BDI 90 79 21 Four statements of symptom severity per item Easy 2–5 EDPS 82 86…
Dry eye severity level 1 2 3 4 Discomfort, severity, and frequency Mild/episodic/environmental stress Moderate/episodic or chronic/environmental stress or no stress Severe/frequent or constant without stress Severe and disabling, constant…
Fig. 4.1 Heidelberg SPECTRALIS® SD-OCT EDI from a normal 10-year-old boy. ELM (OLM) external (outer) limiting membrane, NFL nerve fiber layer, IS/OS (EZ) inner segment/outer segment junction or ellipsoid zone,…
Fig. 3.1 A SuperQuad 160 lens (left, Volk Optical, Mentor, OH) and an Ocular Staurenghi 230 SLO Retina Lens (right, Ocular Instruments, Bellevue, WA). Both contact lenses can be used…
Nausea Vomiting Allergy • Mild: pruritis, sneezing • Moderate: urticaria • Severe: laryngeal edema, bronchospasm, anaphylaxis Cough Dizziness Vasovagal reaction • Syncope • Circulatory shock • Myocardial infarction Extravasation and local tissue necrosis Thrombophlebitis Nerve palsy…
Fig. 5.1 Normal fundus autofluorescence image shows the optic nerve head and the macula which normally appears dark. This phenomenon occurs due to lack of lipofuscin pigment in these areas…
Fig. 2.1 Sarcoidosis granuloma . A patient with a several month history of blurred vision and confirmed sarcoidosis by lymph node biopsy. Prior to beginning treatment, no lesions could be…
Fig. 9.1 Case of MEWDS (TRC-50DX; Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan); (a) Color fundus photography showing numerous subtle white spots at the RPE/deep retina level, associated with the central foveal granularity…
Fig. 8.1 Display OCT angiography of the iris. (a) Reveals the iris microvasculature in patient with active anterior uveitis. The anatomy of the iris on OCTA reveals densely packed radial…
Fig. 11.1 Examples of AO retinal images. (a) Confocal image of photoreceptors at the edge of the foveal avascular zone. (b) Confocal image of the nerve fiber layer and vessels….
