Immunology
Introduction Immunology is the study of host defence mechanisms. Even the simplest organisms have the ability to mount a variety of specific and non-specific responses to invasion or attack by…
OPHTHALMOLOGY
Anatomy of the eye and orbit
• Anatomical terms of reference • Osteology of the skull and orbits • Structure of the eye • Orbital contents • Cranial nerves associated with the eye and orbit •…
Physiology of vision and the visual system
Introduction Vision in all its aspects could arguably be described as the most important physiological function for survival. Vision encompasses detection of luminance (and, we now understand, irradiance), contrast sensitivity…
Microbial infections of the eye
Introduction The outcome of microbial infections depends on both the virulence of the infecting organism and the veracity of the host response. The balance of these two entities will determine…
General and ocular pharmacology
Introduction This chapter covers the basic principles of clinical pharmacology, with particular reference to drugs used in the management of ophthalmic disorders, methods of ocular drug delivery, and the interactions…
Embryology and early development of the eye and adnexa
Introduction This chapter aims to provide an embryological basis for understanding the anatomy of the eye and adnexa. Basic embryological and developmental events from the earliest formation of diverticula in…
Double vision
Contents 170 Introduction 172 Examination checklist 174 Management flowchart 185 Monocular diplopia 186 Binocular diplopia 186 Muscle or orbit disease Restrictive myopathy Paretic myopathy Acute orbitopathy 193 Neuromuscular junction disease…
Blurred vision or field loss: Not explained by visible ocular disease: optic disc/s normal, swollen, pale or “cupped”
Contents 28 Introduction 29 Examination checklist 31 Management flowchart 39 Optic neuropathy 40 Acute optic neuropathies 67 Chronic optic neuropathies 82 Suggested investigations for optic neuropathy that cannot be diagnosed…
