Direct Ocular Injury (Nonpenetrating and/or Nonperforating) Berlin’s Edema (Commotio Retinae) Berlin’s edema or so-called commotio retinae is a zonal area of retinal whitening due to outer photoreceptor disruption and retinal…

White Dot Syndromes Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS) Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) is an acute inflammatory disorder in which patients present with unilateral, multiple, small, white spots…

Viruses Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Associated Retinopathy The most common retinal manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retinal microvasculopathy, also known as noninfectious acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) retinopathy….

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is an idiopathic disorder involving a focal or multifocal leak at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), usually in conjunction with…

Epiretinal Membrane An epiretinal membrane (ERM) is a fibrocellular proliferation occurring on the retinal surface, most commonly in the macular region. ERMs typically occur following a spontaneous partial or complete…

A number of retinal abnormalities are limited to the pediatric setting. These include congenital and hereditary abnormalities. While many of these disorders are reviewed in Chapter 2 , this pediatric…

Retinal Histology The sensory retina extends to the ora serrata, where it is continuous with the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium of the pars plana. The ora serrata is 2.1 mm wide temporally…