Introduction Penetrating keratoplasty (PK) involves resecting and suturing a donor corneal tissue to a recipient corneal bed. It requires meticulous attention to detail by the corneal surgeon. The surgeon’s task…

Introduction In 1986, Fyodorov originated the first plate posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PIOL). He used a one-piece silicone collar button PIOL with a Teflon coat. Encouraging initial results were…

Introduction This chapter discusses the pathogenesis and management of ocular diseases that are frequently encountered in the preoperative evaluation and course of management of the refractive surgery patient. Many of…

Introduction Different surgical techniques have been developed to treat high myopia but it remains a refractive challenge. Corneal procedures fall short of correcting high refractive errors because of low predictability,…

Introduction Presbyopia is the age-related loss of the eye’s ability to focus at near distances. The symptoms of presbyopia generally become perceptible at the age of around 40 years; by…

Introduction Accommodation is a change in the focus of the eye from distant to near objects. This is defined as a dioptric change in the eye’s optical power. Presbyopia, defined…

Introduction In the 1950s, the pioneers Strampelli, Barraquer, and Choyce introduced the concept of intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in phakic eyes to correct high myopia. Since the 1980s, phakic IOL…

Introduction With extraordinary advances in instrumentation and techniques for refractive surgery, there are now many options for the surgical correction of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. However, the surgical treatment of…

Introduction Accommodation is the physiologic ability to change the optical power of the eye to focus at a continuous range of distances, mimicking the autofocus of a camera. The accommodation…

Introduction As part of the normal aging process, patients who are undergoing keratorefractive procedures may ultimately develop cataracts and may need cataract extraction with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. The increasing…