The Neuro-Ophthalmic History
As in any field of medicine, the neuro-ophthalmic history guides the physician’s examination and differential diagnosis. From the beginning of the history taking, the physician should attempt to categorize the…
As in any field of medicine, the neuro-ophthalmic history guides the physician’s examination and differential diagnosis. From the beginning of the history taking, the physician should attempt to categorize the…
The afferent visual pathways encompass structures that perceive, relay, and process visual information: the eyes, optic nerves (cranial nerve II), chiasm, tracts, lateral geniculate nuclei, optic radiations, and striate cortex…
Key concepts • The masquerade syndromes comprise a group of disorders that occur with intraocular inflammation and are often misdiagnosed as a chronic idiopathic uveitis. • Because many of the…
Key concepts • Retinal vascular changes can be seen in many ocular inflammatory entities, some associated with systemic disease and others not. • Fluorescein angiography is very important to evaluate…
Key concepts • This is a multisystem disease, with the posterior ocular complications potentially being devastating. • The posterior pole disease should not be treated with corticosteroid alone. • Newer…
Key concepts • These entities comprise disorders that are usually transient compared to those that cause long-term visual handicap. • Nuances of these disorders, such as ‘ampiginous’, can take on…
Key concepts • Evidence is rapidly accruing to support the notion that these entities, particularly AMD, have a significant immune component. • Immunosuppressive therapy has been shown in a few…
Key concepts • Although the typical serpiginoid lesion, when present, is distinctive, one needs to be aware that other conditions can simulate the clinical appearance, including tuberculosis. • Reactivation is…
Key concepts • Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease that can affect almost every organ in the body in people of all racial and ethnic groups. • The cause of…
Key concepts • Diagnostic criteria for both the complete and incomplete forms of the disease are becoming better defined. • Personality changes because of the CNS involvement may be seen…