The Neuro-Ophthalmic History
As in any field of medicine, the neuro-ophthalmic history guides the physician’s examination and differential diagnosis. From the beginning of the history taking, the physician should attempt to categorize the…
OPHTHALMOLOGY
Visual Loss: Overview, Visual Field Testing, and Topical Diagnosis
The afferent visual pathways encompass structures that perceive, relay, and process visual information: the eyes, optic nerves (cranial nerve II), chiasm, tracts, lateral geniculate nuclei, optic radiations, and striate cortex…
Masquerade Syndromes
Key concepts • The masquerade syndromes comprise a group of disorders that occur with intraocular inflammation and are often misdiagnosed as a chronic idiopathic uveitis. • Because many of the…
Retinal Vasculitis
Key concepts • Retinal vascular changes can be seen in many ocular inflammatory entities, some associated with systemic disease and others not. • Fluorescein angiography is very important to evaluate…
Behçet’s Disease
Key concepts • This is a multisystem disease, with the posterior ocular complications potentially being devastating. • The posterior pole disease should not be treated with corticosteroid alone. • Newer…
White-Dot Syndromes
Key concepts • These entities comprise disorders that are usually transient compared to those that cause long-term visual handicap. • Nuances of these disorders, such as ‘ampiginous’, can take on…
Other Ocular Disorders and the Immune Response: Who Would Have Thought?
Key concepts • Evidence is rapidly accruing to support the notion that these entities, particularly AMD, have a significant immune component. • Immunosuppressive therapy has been shown in a few…
Serpiginous Choroidopathy
Key concepts • Although the typical serpiginoid lesion, when present, is distinctive, one needs to be aware that other conditions can simulate the clinical appearance, including tuberculosis. • Reactivation is…
Sarcoidosis
Key concepts • Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease that can affect almost every organ in the body in people of all racial and ethnic groups. • The cause of…
Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Syndrome
Key concepts • Diagnostic criteria for both the complete and incomplete forms of the disease are becoming better defined. • Personality changes because of the CNS involvement may be seen…
