22.1 Features Retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RAMs) are acquired, saccular or fusiform dilatations of large retinal arterioles, usually within the first three orders of bifurcation. The diameter of dilatation is typically within…

13.1 Features Giant retinal tears (GRTs) are full-thickness breaks in the retina extending for more than 3 clock hours (▶ Fig. 13.1). Patients with a GRT present with symptoms associated with…

10.1 Features Vitreomacular traction (VMT) is characterized by an incomplete posterior vitreous detachment and persistent adherence between the posterior hyaloid and the retinal surface causing architectural changes of the neurosensory retina…

17.1 Features Lattice degeneration is a peripheral retinal condition in which there is retinal thinning, possible hyalinization of retinal vessels creating a “lattice” appearance, and increased vitreoretinal adhesion. Patients with lattice…

14.1 Features A retinal dialysis is defined histologically and clinically as a separation between the neurosensory retina and the nonpigmented pars plana epithelium at the ora serrata (▶ Fig. 14.1). While…

5.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Intraoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows the surgeon to view the surgical field from a different perspective than a standard ophthalmic microscope. Intraoperative OCT offers excellent resolution for…

7.1 Features Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) is the separation between the posterior vitreous cortex and the internal limiting membrane of the retina. Usually it occurs after the fifth decade of life,…

2.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Sodium fluorescein is an orange–red hydrocarbon molecule that circulates in the vasculature, 80% protein bound and 20% nonprotein bound. Nonprotein bound fluorescein will diffuse through fenestrated and leaky…

11.1 Features Retinal breaks are any full thickness disruption in the sensory retina providing a conduit for fluid to enter the potential space between the sensory retina and retinal pigment epithelium…