Features A macular hole is a full-thickness loss of the neurosensory retina, traditionally at the fovea, leading to decreased visual acuity and central visual distortion. Idiopathic macular holes caused by…

Features Birdshot retinochoroiditis (BRC), also referred to as birdshot chorioretinopathy, is a chronic uveitic condition affecting the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choroid. The etiology of BRC is unclear,…

31.1 Features Angioid streaks are an ocular pathology of striking clinical appearance. The streaks present as reddish breaks in Bruch’s membrane that radiate and branch from the nerve, often emulating the…

48.1 Features Chorioretinal folds (CRFs) are anatomically characterized by undulations of the inner choroid, Bruch’s membrane, and overlying retinal pigment epithelium. This clinical appearance results from underlying choroidal alterations that push…

39.1 Features Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) encompasses many disorders that have a spectrum of clinical and electrophysiologic findings as well as molecular causes. The gene associations are as follows: CSNB1…

19.1 Features Retinal vein occlusions (RVO) vary considerably based on distribution of the venous occlusive event, perfusion status of the affected retina, duration of untreated disease, and presence or absence of…

37.1 Features Cone dystrophy is a category of inherited retinal degenerations that is characterized by primary degeneration of the cone photoreceptors with or without secondary involvement of the rod photoreceptors, which…

Features Ebola is an enveloped, single-strand, negative polarity RNA virus transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluids/tissues from humans (e.g., blood, secretions, semen, saliva, urine, and breast milk) or animal…

54.1 Features Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is retinitis with occlusive vasculitis caused by a viral infection with an associated high risk of vision loss due to macular involvement, retinal detachment, and…

57.1 Features Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis occurs most frequently in patients with severe immunocompromise as a consequence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and is the most common ocular opportunistic infection among these…