Low AC/A Conditions: Convergence Insufficiency and Divergence Insufficiency This chapter discusses the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of nonstrabismic binocular disorders associated with a low accommodative convergence to accommodation (AC/A) ratio….
Accommodative Techniques Anaglyphs, Polaroids, and Liquid Crystal Filters RED-RED ROCK Objectives Red-red rock is an example of an anaglyphic procedure whose objectives are to improve accommodative amplitude and facility. Although…
Primary Care of Binocular Vision, Accommodative, and Eye Movement Disorders A primary care optometrist is “a practitioner with ongoing responsibility for the total visual, ocular, and related care of a…
General Treatment Modalities, Guidelines, and Prognosis This chapter provides an overview of general management strategies for accommodative, ocular motor, and nonstrabismic binocular anomalies. Chapters 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 provide…
Case Analysis and Classification Several analytical approaches are presented in the optometric literature. Each has its own unique characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. Each of these systems also has shortcomings that…
Diagnostic Testing After a thorough case history and determination of the refractive error, the first important step in the management of accommodative, ocular motor, and nonstrabismic binocular vision problems is…
Eyelid Reconstruction following Trauma Nailyn Rasool Lora R. Dagi Glass Summary Eyelid trauma repair can be complex and should be approached in a thorough and systematic manner, beginning with a…
Upper Eyelid Reconstruction Michael K. Yoon Summary The upper eyelid provides the majority of total eyelid movement with eyelid closure and a blink. This emphasizes key points in reconstruction—the upper…
Lateral Canthal Eyelid Reconstruction Daniel R. Lefebvre Summary The lateral canthus is not as anatomically complex as the medial canthus; nonetheless, this region is of major importance to facial cosmesis…
Lower Eyelid Reconstruction N. Grace Lee Summary Cutaneous malignancies commonly occur on the lower eyelid. The eyelids are composed of an anterior and posterior lamella wherein one or both may…
