6 Injection of Eye Muscles to Treat Strabismus
Alan Scott, Seyhan B. Oezkan, and Talita Namgalies Summary Botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) injection is an effective alternative to muscle weakening surgery for strabismus in adults and children. The…
OPHTHALMOLOGY
5 Collagen and Healing
Christiaan Marshall Heersink and Irene Ludwig Summary Connective tissue and its collagen support are critical to the functioning of the extraocular muscles, intrinsically within the muscles themselves, as well as…
7 Complications of Strabismus Surgery
Malcolm Ing Summary Infections following strabismus surgery may be mild (conjunctivitis), moderate (orbital cellulitis), or severe (endophthalmitis). Although rare, orbital cellulitis and endophthalmitis may result in vision loss—a potentially devastating…
3 The Use of Testing, Consultants, and Intraoperative Assessment
Irene Ludwig Summary The overuse of tests and consultants is a common problem in medicine, and the strabismus field is no exception. This may cost the patient time, possible unwarranted…
4 Surgical Anatomy of the Extraocular Muscles
Robert Clark Summary Current surgical approaches overemphasize repositioning the tendinous insertions of the extraocular muscles (EOMs), neglecting key concepts about EOM anatomy that provide the foundation for both innovations in…
2 The History and Examination in Strabismus
Irene Ludwig and Everett Moody Summary Diagnosing strabismus begins with a thorough history. The taking of a good medical history is an important acquired skill, which should not be relegated…
1 The History of Strabismus Surgery
Paul Mitchell Summary Strabismus has been evident and documented at least since 2723 BC. Various perforated masks and glasses have been used in an attempt to realign the eyes, without…
18 Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity
Michelle C. Liang and Shilpa J. Desai Summary Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), associated with low gestational age and birth weight, is a leading cause of childhood blindness worldwide. Treatment of…
19 Preparations for Examinations under Anesthesia
Sylvia H. Yoo Summary Examinations under anesthesia are required when a child cannot be adequately examined in the eye clinic for potentially vision-threatening eye disease. Additional testing may also be…
17 Laser Therapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity
Shilpa J. Desai and Michelle C. Liang Summary Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disease of very low birth weight premature infants involving abnormal vascularization and angiogenesis of the retina….
