Irene Ludwig Summary There are four types of flap tear: longitudinal, lamellar, beveled, and retracted. Recognition and repair requires familiarity with the normal anatomy of the rectus muscle as well…
Irene Ludwig and Malcolm Ing Summary Fibrosis and scarring may affect alignment directly due to muscle contracture and indirectly via connective tissue restriction and conjunctival shortening. Techniques to correct alignment…
Irene Ludwig, Monte Stavis, and Donny Suh Summary The superior oblique tendon is approached at its insertion in the superotemporal quadrant, or at its ropelike tendon superonasally, adjacent to the…
Irene Ludwig Summary Blunt trauma to the head and face may impact the orbital rim, transmitting avulsive force to the eye muscle pulleys and then to the eye muscles themselves….
David Stager Jr. and David Stager Sr. Summary Inferior oblique weakening procedures presented in this chapter include chemodenervation, disinsertion, various myotomies, recessions, myectomy, nasal myectomy, anterior transposition, anterior nasal transposition,…
Monte A. Del Monte Summary The surgical treatment of strabismus usually involves three types of procedures, which can be performed on rectus muscles or oblique muscles. Classical procedures involve variations…
John E. Bishop Summary This chapter describes the basic and specialty instruments used in strabismus surgery. Included are discussions of specula, forceps, hooks, retractors, calipers, and needle holders. strabismus –…
Rebecca Lee and Frederick M. Wang Summary Individualizing anesthesia choices for strabismus surgery based on patient considerations leads to a better and safer patient experience, improved surgical outcome, and a…
Yair Morad and Irene H. Ludwig Summary Acquired and congenital displacements of the paths of the eye muscles (pulley shifts and pulley heterotopias) are newly recognized causes of strabismus. Downward…
Seyhan B. Oezkan Summary Duane’s syndrome is a common form of the congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders. The ocular motility pattern presents in a wide clinical spectrum, and the choice of…
