Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics and their Applications in Cataract Surgery
Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics and their Applications in Cataract Surgery Adeela Malik PHARMACOLOGY OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS Local anesthetics are used extensively for ophthalmic,1 cutaneous,2,3 and dental4 anesthesia techniques. Modern synthetic…
Pharmacology of Ocular β-Adrenoreceptor Antagonists
Pharmacology of Ocular β-Adrenoreceptor Antagonists Paul S. Lee MD Daniel A. Chruscicki MD Prior to the introduction of prostaglandin analogues in the treatment of glaucoma, the most commonly used topical…
Antimitotic and Immunosuppressive Chemotherapy
Antimitotic and Immunosuppressive Chemotherapy Brian K. Do Alan H. Friedman Joel S. Mindel Few ophthalmologists are sufficiently familiar with the actions, toxicities, and side effects of antimitotic and immunosuppressive agents…
The Pharmacology of Prostaglandin Analogues
The Pharmacology of Prostaglandin Analogues Deepta Ghate MD Carl B. Camras MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE Supported in part by an…
Glucocorticoids
Glucocorticoids Joel S. Mindel Hydrocortisone (cortisol) is the major naturally occurring glucocorticoid in humans. The blood level of hydrocortisone is determined by the rate of pituitary adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) secretion,…
Bioavailability
Bioavailability Hari Krishna Ananthula Ravi D. Vaishya Megha Barot Ashim K. Mitra Bioavailability refers in general to the percentage of a drug that absorbs and reaches the potential site of…
Alpha-Adrenergic Drugs
Alpha-Adrenergic Drugs Joel S. Mindel CATECHOLAMINE-CONTAINING NEURONS OF THE EYE The eye is innervated by catecholamine-containing axons originating from the superior cervical ganglion, a sympathetic nervous system structure. These postganglionic…
Hyperosmotic Agents
Hyperosmotic Agents Eunice Lee Janet B. Serle Donna J. Gagliuso John Danias Systemically administered hyperosmotic agents have been used almost exclusively in the management of acute elevations of intraocular pressure…
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics Joel S. Mindel DEFINITION Pharmacokinetics refers to how the patient’s tissues affect the therapeutic response. Factors such as drug penetration, drug metabolism, and drug excretion are considered. TOPICAL OCULAR…
