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Sjögren’s Syndrome Murat Dogru Kazuo Tsubota Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a multifactorial autoimmune disorder, mainly affecting the salivary and lacrimal glands, which is influenced by genetic as well as environmental…

Blepharitis and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction William Ayliffe Blepharitis is, by definition, inflammation of the eyelids. Many clinical entities can cause blepharitis (1,2). This disorder is extremely common and several conditions…

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: Clinical Aspects Abha Gulati Reza Dana Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) or dry-eye syndrome (DES) is composed of a variety of ocular surface disorders of diverse pathogenesis that share, as…

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: Physiology and Biochemistry of the Tear Film Robin R. Hodges Darlene A. Dartt FUNCTIONS OF THE TEAR FILM The tear film is a complex fluid secreted by multiple…

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: Introduction Michael A. Lemp Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is a rubric to describe a variety of pathologic conditions characterized by abnormalities of the preocular tear film resulting in ocular…

Connective Tissue/Collagen Vascular Diseases C. Stephen Foster The acquired connective tissue and vasculitic disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), polyarteritis nodosa (PAN),…

Scleritis Maite Sainz De La Maza The wall of the eyeball or sclera is an incomplete sphere averaging 22 mm in diameter that terminates anteriorly at the anterior scleral foramen…

Mooren’s Ulcer C. Stephen Foster Bowman first described what we now call Mooren’s ulcer of the cornea (also known as chronic serpiginous ulcer and ulcus rodens) in 1849 (1). Mooren…

Phlyctenular Keratoconjunctivitis D. Rex Hamilton Elizabeth A. Davis INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis (PKC) is a localized, noninfectious inflammatory disorder of the ocular surface characterized by subepithelial nodules of…

Chlamydial Keratitis and Conjunctivitis Elisabeth M. Messmer PREVALENCE Chlamydiae have long been important causes of ocular infections and are still the second leading cause of blindness in Africa (1,2). Trachoma…