Superior canal dehiscence (SCD) is a bony defect of the superior canal that can cause vestibular and/or auditory symptoms. Surgical repair of SCD provides effective relief from symptoms, and the…
Tympanic facial nerve segment surgery has been traditionally performed using microscopic approaches, but currently, exclusive endoscopic approaches have been performed for traumatic, neoplastic, or inflammatory diseases, specially located at the…
Key points • Shim placement should be considered as first-line surgical treatment of patulous Eustachian dysfunction, as it is well tolerated, has a low morbidity, and is reversible. • Injection…
Endoscopic technique allows visualization of the protympanic segment of the eustachian tube in patients undergoing chronic ear surgery. Balloon dilatation of the area can be undertaken with clear widening of…
This article discusses the authors’ approach to the assessment of the eustachian tube using opening pressure measurement, endoscopic assessment of the protympanic segment of the eustachian tube, and Valsalva computed…
Key points • The fibrocartilaginous eustachian tube is part of a system of contiguous organs including the nose, palate, rhinopharynx, and middle ear cleft. • It is not a simple…
The protympanum, a final common pathway between the tympanic cavity and external environment, is gaining relevance due to the ease and completeness of visualization with angled endoscopes. Two primary conformations…
Key points • The opening of the eustachian tube, provided by the contraction of the tensor veli palatini muscle, is limited to Rüdinger safety canal. • The contraction of the…
It consists of two parts: the first solidly connected with the temporal bone, close to the tympanic cavity; the second soft, partly ligamentous, partly cartilaginous, directed towards the nasopharynx. Since…
