Three-Dimensional Rotations of the Eye
Eye motility In principle the eyeball, like any rigid object, has six degrees of freedom: three for rotation, and three for translation. The adult human eyeball is about 24–25mm in…
Cornea and Sclera
Introduction The outermost, fibrous tunic of the human eye is the cornea and the sclera ( Fig. 4.1A,B ). Both are soft connective tissues designed to provide structural integrity of…
Accommodation
Introduction “There is no other portion of physiological optics where one finds so many differing and contradictory ideas as concerns the accommodation of the eye where only recently in the…
Optical Aberrations and Wavefront Sensing
Introduction Myopia, hyperopia and cylinder are refractive errors known as second-order aberrations. These aberrations result in the inability of the eye to focus images appropriately on the retina. In myopia,…
Disorders of the Eyelids
Definitions and Epidemiology Print Section Listen The most common eyelid abnormality in children is ptosis (blepharoptosis), which causes drooping of the eyelid. The upper eyelid normally rests just below the…
Disorders of the Retina
Anatomy and Embryology Print Section Listen The retinal is a multilayered structure that lines the inside of the back of the eye. Light rays are focused on the retina by…
Diseases of the Cornea
Definitions and Epidemiology Print Section Listen The cornea is the clear structure at the front of the eye. When it is functioning normally it is not visible, just as a…
Disorders of the Optic Nerve
Anatomy and Embryology Print Section Listen The optic nerve is the structure at the back of the eye that carries visual information from the eye to the central nervous system…
Strabismus, Amblyopia, and Nystagmus
Strabismus Print Section Listen Definitions and Epidemiology Strabismus occurs when the visual axes of the eyes are misaligned. It is one of the most common disorders encountered in pediatric ophthalmology,…
