Clinical Refraction
Definition The neutralization of an individual’s refractive error using a variety of tests in which the patient’s responses determine the lens power that best produces a sharply focused image on…
Wavefront Optics and Aberrations of the Eye
Definition An aberration is any deviation of the path of a ray of light from geometrically ideal behavior. Key Features • Aberration theory is strictly confined to geometrical optics and…
Optics of the Human Eye
Definition The classic optics of the eye are best understood in terms of the optical characteristics of its components—the cornea, pupil, crystalline lens, and retina—and how they function in combination….
Preoperative Evaluation for Refractive Surgery
Definitions • Wavefront aberrometry is the measurement of the wavefront that emerges from an eye as a result of light reflecting from a focused light spot on the fovea. Application…
Molecular Genetics of Selected Ocular Disorders
Definition The molecular mechanisms underlying selected inherited eye disorders as defined by the responsible genetic mutations. Key Features • Inherited disorders affecting the ocular anterior segment. • Genetic defects causing…
Genetic Testing and Genetic Counseling
Definition A genetic test is any clinical or laboratory investigation that provides information about the likelihood that an individual is affected with a heritable disease. The majority of genetic tests…
Fundamentals of Human Genetics
Definition The central principles of human genetics with relevance to eye disease. Key Features • Gene structure and expression. • Organization and inheritance of the human genome. • Mutations and…
Bone Tumors and Odontogenic Lesions
Key words Bone neoplasms, dental tissue neoplasms, jaw neoplasms, jaw neoplasms, osteogenic sarcoma, chondrosarcoma Bone consists of a solid mineral phase and a matrix of osteoid phase that contains…
Reconstructive Surgery
Keywords flap, graft, reconstruction, microsurgery, pedicle The impact of major ablative surgery for cancer in the head and neck region can be devastating for the patient, aesthetically and often…
