Macular Dystrophies
Definition The process of premature retinal cell aging and cell death, generally confined to the macula, in which no clear demonstrable extrinsic cause is evident, and a genetically determined defect…
Diabetic Retinopathy
Definition Progressive dysfunction of the retinal vasculature caused by chronic hyperglycemia resulting in structural damage to the neural retina. Key Features • Microaneurysms. • Retinal hemorrhages. • Retinal lipid exudates….
Optical Coherence Tomography in Retinal Imaging
Definition Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging technique based on the principle of optical reflectometry light, which enables precise anatomical examination of ocular structures. Key Features • High-resolution…
Venous Occlusive Disease of the Retina
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Definition Occlusion of the central retinal vein at the lamina cribrosa. Key Features • Retinal hemorrhages in all four quadrants. • Dilated, tortuous veins in all…
Evolution of Intraocular Lens Implantation
Definition Report on the evolution of intraocular lens designs. Key features • Description of anterior and posterior chamber intraocular lens designs, including lenses now obsolete, and their interaction with intraocular…
Tumors of the Conjunctiva
Definition Spectrum of malignant and benign neoplasms, choristomas, and hamartomas arising from or occurring within the conjunctiva, and nonneoplastic epibulbar tumors frequently misdiagnosed clinically as a conjunctival malignant neoplasm. Key…
Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery
Definition Procedures and medications given to allow successful completion of lens removal with minimal risk, pain, and anxiety. Key Features • Consideration of patient characteristics. • Local anesthesia: considerations, sedatives…
Surgical Correction of Presbyopia
Definition Presbyopia is an age-related condition that enables the patient to perform near visual tasks due to the decay of accommodation. Key Features • Presbyopia starts affecting people around 40…
Phakic Intraocular Lenses
Definition Phakic intraocular lenses (IOLs) are artificial lenses implanted in the anterior or posterior chamber of the eye to correct refractive errors. They preserve the natural crystalline lens to maintain…
Choroidal Dystrophies
Definitions • Choroideremia is a progressive, bilateral, diffuse chorioretinal dystrophy with an X-linked recessive mode of inheritance. • Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina is a progressive, bilateral, diffuse…
