10.1055/b-0034-92468 Rehabilitation with the Enhanced Palpebral SpringRobert E. Levine The ocular manifestations of facial paralysis are a major source of both local and systemic disability. Locally, the inability to blink…
10.1055/b-0034-92463 Hemifacial SpasmJacques Magnan and Claire-Lise Curto Faïs Hemifacial spasm is characterized by the occurrence of unilateral, involuntary, sudden, and isolated spasms of one side of the face. It is…
10.1055/b-0034-92460 Facial Nerve TumorsMichael Hoa, Eric P. Wilkinson, and Derald E. Brackmann Tumors of the facial nerve are rare causes of facial paralysis. Nonetheless, the possibility of neoplastic involvement of…
10.1055/b-0034-92471 Neuromuscular Retraining: Nonsurgical Therapy for Facial PalsyH. Jacqueline Diels and Carien H.G. Beurskens Neuromuscular retraining (NMR) is a patient-centered approach to the nonsurgical treatment of facial paralysis, paresis, and…
10.1055/b-0034-92472 Synkinesis and HyperkinesisBarry M. Schaitkin Unwanted facial nerve movement disorders take many forms. Hemifacial spasm is a unilateral hyperactivity that usually begins focally and may progress to involve all…
10.1055/b-0034-92465 Acute Management of the Effects of Facial ParalysisMichael B. Gluth and Marcus D. Atlas Clinical management issues related to acute facial paralysis can be divided into three categories. The…
10.1055/b-0034-92454 Congenital Facial WeaknessRandolph Sherman and Ronald M. Zuker Each of us enters this world in a profoundly dramatic way. Either by unrelenting naturally propulsive physical forces through vaginal birth…
10.1055/b-0034-92447 Anatomy of the Facial Nerve and Associated StructuresBradley W. Kesser The anatomy of the facial nerve beautifully illustrates the complexities of the human peripheral, central, and autonomic nervous systems….
10.1055/b-0034-92448 Physiology of the Facial NerveFelipe Santos and William H. Slattery III The facial nerve is the motor nerve of the face, scalp, auricle, and neck via the platysma. Mastication…
10.1055/b-0034-92453 Differential Diagnosis of Acute Facial ParalysisMaurizio Barbara Facial paralysis (FP) consists of weakness of the face musculature. The timing of this weakness usually is immediate, taking place within a…
