David Stager Jr. and David Stager Sr. Summary Dysfunction of the inferior oblique (IO) extraocular muscle, whether underaction or overaction, can be remedied with proper examination, diagnosis, and surgical planning…
Alan Scott, Seyhan B. Oezkan, and Talita Namgalies Summary Botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) injection is an effective alternative to muscle weakening surgery for strabismus in adults and children. The…
Christiaan Marshall Heersink and Irene Ludwig Summary Connective tissue and its collagen support are critical to the functioning of the extraocular muscles, intrinsically within the muscles themselves, as well as…
Malcolm Ing Summary Infections following strabismus surgery may be mild (conjunctivitis), moderate (orbital cellulitis), or severe (endophthalmitis). Although rare, orbital cellulitis and endophthalmitis may result in vision loss—a potentially devastating…
Irene Ludwig Summary The overuse of tests and consultants is a common problem in medicine, and the strabismus field is no exception. This may cost the patient time, possible unwarranted…
Robert Clark Summary Current surgical approaches overemphasize repositioning the tendinous insertions of the extraocular muscles (EOMs), neglecting key concepts about EOM anatomy that provide the foundation for both innovations in…
Paul Mitchell Summary Strabismus has been evident and documented at least since 2723 BC. Various perforated masks and glasses have been used in an attempt to realign the eyes, without…
Irene Ludwig and Everett Moody Summary Diagnosing strabismus begins with a thorough history. The taking of a good medical history is an important acquired skill, which should not be relegated…
Eyal Gur, Daniel J. Kedar Summary The face through facial expressions is the center of our entire emotional life. Facial nerve paralysis is a devastating condition with profound functional, aesthetic…
David Leshem, Sivan Zissman Summary Prominent ear is a relatively common disorder, which can be caused by different anatomical variations. Preoperative evaluation should include the child’s capability of understanding and…
