13 Presumed Sinus-Related Strabismus
Irene Ludwig Summary Strabismus and other ophthalmic complications due to acute severe sinusitis have long been known, but less well appreciated is the association of strabismus with subacute, subclinical, or…
12 Thyroid Ophthalmopathy
Leonard Rich Summary The strabismus surgeon must realize that Graves’ orbitopathy is a bilateral disease with asymmetrical restrictive involvement of all the extraocular muscles. Orbital imaging should be considered a…
11 Torsion
Monte Stavis and Maham Khan Summary Torsion is an under-recognized component of strabismus. Measurement of torsion is integral to accurate diagnosis of strabismus, and torsional correction is critical to optimize…
9 The Superior Oblique
Irene Ludwig Summary The superior oblique is a complex muscle that primarily exerts an intorsional force to the eye, secondarily depresses the eye in adduction, and has a small abducting…
10 Brown’s Syndrome
Helen Song and Donny Suh Summary Brown’s syndrome, a rare congenital or acquired form of superior oblique tendon dysfunction, presents as difficulty elevating or inability to elevate the affected eye…
8 The Inferior Oblique—Strabismus Diagnosis and Surgical Planning: Surgical Anatomy, Surgical Principles, and Wound Healing
David Stager Jr. and David Stager Sr. Summary Dysfunction of the inferior oblique (IO) extraocular muscle, whether underaction or overaction, can be remedied with proper examination, diagnosis, and surgical planning…
6 Injection of Eye Muscles to Treat Strabismus
Alan Scott, Seyhan B. Oezkan, and Talita Namgalies Summary Botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) injection is an effective alternative to muscle weakening surgery for strabismus in adults and children. The…
5 Collagen and Healing
Christiaan Marshall Heersink and Irene Ludwig Summary Connective tissue and its collagen support are critical to the functioning of the extraocular muscles, intrinsically within the muscles themselves, as well as…
7 Complications of Strabismus Surgery
Malcolm Ing Summary Infections following strabismus surgery may be mild (conjunctivitis), moderate (orbital cellulitis), or severe (endophthalmitis). Although rare, orbital cellulitis and endophthalmitis may result in vision loss—a potentially devastating…
3 The Use of Testing, Consultants, and Intraoperative Assessment
Irene Ludwig Summary The overuse of tests and consultants is a common problem in medicine, and the strabismus field is no exception. This may cost the patient time, possible unwarranted…
