Retinal Artery Occlusion
20.1 Features Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) typically occurs due to embolism or thrombosis, resulting in either branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) or central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). Vision loss is often…
Adult Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy
33.1 Features Adult vitelliform macular dystrophy (AVMD) is generally regarded as a separate entity from juvenile-onset vitelliform macular dystrophy or Best Disease. AVMD has also been known by several other names,…
Indocyanine Green Angiography
3.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Indocyanine green (ICG) is a dye used for visualizing the choroidal circulation. During testing, 25 mg of ICG dye in 5 mL of water is injected intravenously with…
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
15.1 Features Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a disease where epiretinal membranes form on the surface of the retina, creating traction and ultimately retinal detachment (RD). PVR is the most common cause…
Epiretinal Membrane
8.1 Features Epiretinal membranes (ERMs) are essentially cellular proliferations on the surface of the macula and often appear after posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). They may be asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally…
Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm
22.1 Features Retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RAMs) are acquired, saccular or fusiform dilatations of large retinal arterioles, usually within the first three orders of bifurcation. The diameter of dilatation is typically within…
Giant Retinal Tear
13.1 Features Giant retinal tears (GRTs) are full-thickness breaks in the retina extending for more than 3 clock hours (▶ Fig. 13.1). Patients with a GRT present with symptoms associated with…
Vitreomacular Traction
10.1 Features Vitreomacular traction (VMT) is characterized by an incomplete posterior vitreous detachment and persistent adherence between the posterior hyaloid and the retinal surface causing architectural changes of the neurosensory retina…
Lattice Degeneration
17.1 Features Lattice degeneration is a peripheral retinal condition in which there is retinal thinning, possible hyalinization of retinal vessels creating a “lattice” appearance, and increased vitreoretinal adhesion. Patients with lattice…
Retinal Dialysis
14.1 Features A retinal dialysis is defined histologically and clinically as a separation between the neurosensory retina and the nonpigmented pars plana epithelium at the ora serrata (▶ Fig. 14.1). While…
