Laser Maculopathy
Features In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates laser products. The FDA classifies lasers as class 1 through 4 based on type of light emitted and…
Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration
26.1 Features Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative disorder of the choroid and outer retina, and the most common cause of blindness in those over the age of 50 in…
Zika Virus and the Retina
Features The Zika virus belongs to the genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae, which also includes West Nile, dengue, and yellow fever. These viruses are composed of positive-sense single-stranded…
Age-Related Choroidal Atrophy
29.1 Features Choroidal thickness depends on race, age, refractive error, and to a lesser extent on gender; the thickness also shows diurnal variation. A very rough rule of thumb is the…
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
4.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) has recently emerged as a noninvasive technique for imaging the vasculature of the eye. OCTA relies on the rapid acquisition of multiple OCT…
Optical Coherence Tomography
1.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was first introduced in 1991 as a noninvasive technology that uses low-coherence interferometry to produce cross-sections of biological structures. OCT employs a light beam…
Ocular Ischemic Syndrome
21.1 Features Ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) is a rare but serious disease. While our understanding of this entity has improved, OIS is still often misdiagnosed or missed on initial clinical exam….
Retinoschisis
16.1 Features Retinoschisis is a pathological retinal condition characterized by abnormal splitting of the neural retina. There are many categories and pathophysiological conditions that cause retinoschisis. General classification of retinoschisis can…
Cobblestone Degeneration
44.1 Features Pavingstone (cobblestone) degeneration is a peripheral retinal degeneration characterized by multiple rounded, punched-out areas of chorioretinal atrophy with prominent underlying choroidal vessels and pigmented borders (▶ Fig. 44.1). Lesions…
Fundus Autofluorescence
6.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) is a noninvasive imaging modality which is used to record the retinal and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) autofluorescence (AF). Lipofuscin, which is a mixture of…
