Tamoxifen Retinopathy
Features Tamoxifen is a commonly used antiestrogen oral medication that has been used in the management of breast cancer since the 1970s. This medication is particularly effective as an adjuvant…
Cystoid Macular Edema
47.1 Clinical Features Cystoid macular edema (CME) is a retinal condition in which there is thickening of the macula with cystic fluid spaces within the macula. In many cases, abnormal vascular…
Purtscher and Purtscher-Like Retinopathy
Features Purtscher and Purtscher-like retinopathies are a group of retinal vascular diseases secondary to trauma or other disease processes with characteristic retinal findings, including polygonal inner retinal whitening, cotton wool…
Choroidal Rupture
Features A choroidal rupture is defined as a break in the choriocapillaris, Bruch’s membrane, and retinal pigment epithelium. Choroidal ruptures occur after 5 to 10% of blunt force trauma. They…
Choroidal Melanoma
Features Choroidal melanoma is a primary cancer of the eye arising from the pigmented cells of the choroid. Choroidal melanomas are chemoresistant tumors and are life-threatening due to their metastatic…
Traumatic Macular Hole
Features A macular hole is a full-thickness loss of the neurosensory retina, traditionally at the fovea, leading to decreased visual acuity and central visual distortion. Idiopathic macular holes caused by…
Birdshot Retinochoroiditis
Features Birdshot retinochoroiditis (BRC), also referred to as birdshot chorioretinopathy, is a chronic uveitic condition affecting the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choroid. The etiology of BRC is unclear,…
Angioid Streaks
31.1 Features Angioid streaks are an ocular pathology of striking clinical appearance. The streaks present as reddish breaks in Bruch’s membrane that radiate and branch from the nerve, often emulating the…
Choroidal Folds
48.1 Features Chorioretinal folds (CRFs) are anatomically characterized by undulations of the inner choroid, Bruch’s membrane, and overlying retinal pigment epithelium. This clinical appearance results from underlying choroidal alterations that push…
Congenital Stationary Night Blindness
39.1 Features Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) encompasses many disorders that have a spectrum of clinical and electrophysiologic findings as well as molecular causes. The gene associations are as follows: CSNB1…
