48.1 Features Chorioretinal folds (CRFs) are anatomically characterized by undulations of the inner choroid, Bruch’s membrane, and overlying retinal pigment epithelium. This clinical appearance results from underlying choroidal alterations that push…
39.1 Features Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) encompasses many disorders that have a spectrum of clinical and electrophysiologic findings as well as molecular causes. The gene associations are as follows: CSNB1…
19.1 Features Retinal vein occlusions (RVO) vary considerably based on distribution of the venous occlusive event, perfusion status of the affected retina, duration of untreated disease, and presence or absence of…
37.1 Features Cone dystrophy is a category of inherited retinal degenerations that is characterized by primary degeneration of the cone photoreceptors with or without secondary involvement of the rod photoreceptors, which…
Features Ebola is an enveloped, single-strand, negative polarity RNA virus transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluids/tissues from humans (e.g., blood, secretions, semen, saliva, urine, and breast milk) or animal…
54.1 Features Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is retinitis with occlusive vasculitis caused by a viral infection with an associated high risk of vision loss due to macular involvement, retinal detachment, and…
57.1 Features Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis occurs most frequently in patients with severe immunocompromise as a consequence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and is the most common ocular opportunistic infection among these…
Features First described in 1941, presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS), also known as ocular histoplasmosis or ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, has been debated as a separate condition from multifocal chorioretinitis and…
58.1 Features Ocular features of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were first identified in the 1980s. The most common ocular manifestation of HIV is noninfectious occlusive microangiopathy, more commonly known as HIV…
43.1 Features Stargardt disease is the most commonly inherited macular dystrophy, with prevalence ranging from 1 in 8,000 to 1 in 10,000. Diagnosis can be difficult as the disease has an…
